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UN Peacekeeping, Security, and Reform Version 1.0 .docx
Executive Preface
Since 1945, the United Nations has stood as humanity’s most comprehensive attempt to prevent large-scale war through collective security, international law, and multilateral diplomacy. Anchored in the trauma of World War II, the UN system was designed to balance moral aspiration with political reality—most notably by granting special authority to the five Permanent Members of the Security Council (P5). This compromise helped avert direct conflict among nuclear powers, yet it also embedded structural limitations that continue to shape global security outcomes.
Eighty years later, the international system faces a profound legitimacy and effectiveness crisis. While the UN has succeeded in preventing a third world war, it has proven far less capable of preventing proxy conflicts, regional wars, humanitarian catastrophes, and the erosion of sovereignty norms. The growing frequency of Security Council paralysis—particularly when a permanent member is directly involved in a conflict—has weakened confidence in the UN as the central guarantor of peace.
This study offers a comprehensive analysis of:
The historical evolution of UN peacekeeping and enforcement mechanisms
The changing balance between hard power and soft power among the United States, China, and Russia
The role of proxy wars and alliance systems in sustaining global instability
The psychological and leadership dimensions that increasingly influence international conflict
Beyond diagnosis, the report advances a structural reform proposal: a decentralized global security architecture built around Regional Security Councils (RSCs), integrated with a streamlined and redefined Global Security Council. This model is grounded in the principle of subsidiarity—addressing conflicts at the most effective regional level—while preserving a global mechanism for managing systemic and existential threats.
Finally, the study argues that security in the 21st century can no longer be defined narrowly in military terms. Climate stress, energy access, economic inequality, and governance failures are now primary drivers of conflict. Drawing on the ethical framework of Pope Francis’ “Diplomacy of Encounter,” Jeffrey Sachs’ concept of “Common Survival,” and systems-based energy-security thinking articulated by Adriaan Kamp and Dr. Jagmohan Singh, the report proposes a new diplomatic doctrine and training architecture to align power, ethics, and sustainability.
The central question is no longer whether the UN should be reformed, but whether reform can occur fast enough to match the accelerating pace of geopolitical fragmentation.
